IPv4 addressing, subnetting, and interface configuration and verification

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Explain the structure of an IPv4 address and distinguish the network and host portions using subnet masks and prefix notation.
Classify IPv4 addresses by type and use, including public, private, loopback, link-local/APIPA, network, broadcast, and host addresses.
Calculate subnet information from an IPv4 address and prefix or mask, including network address, broadcast address, valid host range, and number of subnets or hosts.

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Apply variable-length subnetting concepts to match subnet sizes to host requirements in straightforward design scenarios.

Configure and verify IPv4 addressing on router or switch interfaces using Cisco IOS commands and interpret basic verification output such as interface status and IP addressing information.

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