VLANs and switch port roles: access, voice, native, and trunk behavior

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Explain how VLANs create Layer 2 segmentation and reduce broadcast-domain scope within a switched network.
Differentiate access ports, trunk ports, voice VLAN behavior, and the native VLAN by their traffic handling and tagging characteristics.
Apply switchport settings to assign a port to a data VLAN, enable a voice VLAN, and interpret the resulting operational role of the interface.

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Verify VLAN membership and switch port operational mode using Cisco IOS show-command output.

Evaluate common endpoint-to-switch attachment scenarios and select the correct port role for PCs, IP phones, and interswitch links.

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