Qualitative analysis of gases, cations and anions

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By the end you’ll be able to

describe and apply the standard tests for hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and chlorine, including the reagent or method used and the positive observation
describe and apply tests for ammonia where required, including recognition from its characteristic smell, damp red litmus turning blue, or production during warming with alkali

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identify metal cations from flame tests, including lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and copper, using the characteristic flame colours

identify common metal cations using sodium hydroxide and, where required by the specification, aqueous ammonia, including observations for aluminium, calcium, magnesium, copper(II), iron(II) and iron(III) ions

identify carbonate, sulfate and halide ions using the standard test reagents and observations, including acid plus carbonate tests, acidified barium salt tests for sulfate, and acidified silver nitrate tests for chloride, bromide and iodide

interpret sequences of qualitative tests to deduce the identity of unknown salts, solutions or gases, and distinguish between similar ions using valid chemical evidence

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