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Cloning, genetic engineering and biotechnology

Gene expression and biotechnology · Lesson 3 of 3

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Lesson 3 of 3 · Gene expression and biotechnology

Cloning, genetic engineering and biotechnology

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Distinguish between gene cloning, cell cloning and whole-organism cloning, and explain natural cloning and artificial cloning methods such as embryo splitting and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
Explain how genetic engineering alters the genome of an organism by inserting, deleting or editing genes, and describe the stages involved in identifying the desired gene, transferring it and selecting successfully modified cells.

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Explain how microorganisms, plant cells and animal cells are cultured in bioreactors or fermenters, including the importance of aseptic technique, nutrient supply, oxygenation, agitation, pH and temperature control.

Evaluate applications of biotechnology and genetic engineering, including production of insulin and other therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, gene therapy, genetically modified crops and industrial fermentation.

Discuss scientific, social, ethical and ecological issues arising from cloning and genetic engineering, using evidence to evaluate potential benefits, limitations and risks.

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