Endocrine communication and reproductive hormones

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Compare endocrine and nervous communication in terms of signalling pathway, speed, duration, specificity and mode of transmission.
Explain how hormones act on target cells, including binding to complementary receptors on cell-surface membranes or within cells and triggering changes such as second messenger pathways or altered gene expression.

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Explain hormonal control of the menstrual cycle, including the roles of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, oestrogen and progesterone in follicle development, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and maintenance of the uterine lining.

Describe hormonal control of male reproduction, including the roles of testosterone and pituitary hormones in spermatogenesis and reproductive function.

Evaluate the use of reproductive hormones in contraception and fertility treatments, including hormonal contraceptives, in vitro fertilisation and assisted reproductive technologies, using biological evidence and data where provided.

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