Kidney function, osmoregulation and excretion

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Describe the gross structure of the kidney and the microscopic structure of the nephron, including the cortex, medulla, pelvis, glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
Explain ultrafiltration at the renal corpuscle in terms of hydrostatic pressure, basement membrane filtration and the passage of water and small solutes while retaining cells and plasma proteins.

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Describe and explain the role of the loop of Henle in producing a low water potential in the medulla and relate this to the production of concentrated urine.

Explain the role of antidiuretic hormone in osmoregulation, including detection of changes in blood water potential, altered permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, and negative feedback control.

Interpret data on kidney function, urine composition and treatments for kidney failure, including dialysis and transplantation, using biological principles to evaluate advantages and limitations where required.

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