Amino acids and proteins

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Describe the general structure of $\alpha$-amino acids, recognise optical isomerism where present and classify amino acids as compounds containing both amine and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids and represent their ionic forms, including cationic, zwitterionic and anionic species at different pH values.

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Explain condensation reactions between amino acids to form peptides and proteins, identify the peptide link, and write equations for dipeptide and polypeptide formation.

Describe hydrolysis of peptides and proteins to amino acids and apply this to analysis or synthesis questions.

Relate the primary structure of proteins to sequences of amino acids and use peptide and amino acid chemistry in organic synthesis or biochemical contexts.

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