Carbonyl compounds and nucleophilic addition

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Identify and name aldehydes and ketones, describe the polar $\text{C}=\text{O}$ bond and explain how the carbonyl group affects physical properties and reactivity.
Apply oxidation reactions of aldehydes and ketones, including oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids with acidified dichromate(VI), Tollens’ reagent or Fehling’s/Benedict-type reagents where required by the board, and explain why ketones are resistant under these conditions.

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Explain and apply nucleophilic addition to aldehydes and ketones, including reaction with hydrogen cyanide to form hydroxynitriles and reaction with $2,4$-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form derivatives where specified.

Write and interpret the mechanism for nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group, using curly arrows, dipoles and correct intermediates.

Distinguish aldehydes and ketones, deduce structures from reaction data and spectra, and select appropriate carbonyl reactions in multistep synthesis.

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