IPv4 addressing, subnetting, address assignment and NAT concepts

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Explain IPv4 address structure, dotted-decimal notation, subnet masks and CIDR prefix length notation.
Calculate network IDs, broadcast addresses, valid host ranges and the number of usable addresses for a given IPv4 subnet.
Apply subnetting concepts to divide networks according to host requirements and interpret route or interface information that uses CIDR notation.

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Compare static and dynamic IPv4 address assignment, including DHCP concepts such as scopes, reservations, leases and exclusions at a Network+ level.

Explain the purpose and operation of NAT, including static NAT, dynamic NAT and PAT, and interpret how translation affects end-to-end connectivity.

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