Network models, packet flow and traffic basics

3 quick checks≈3% of the testFoundational

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Explain the purpose and functions of the OSI model layers and map them to the TCP/IP model using official layer terminology.
Interpret how data is encapsulated and de-encapsulated as it moves through the network stack, including headers, trailers, frames, packets and segments.
Differentiate logical and physical addressing, including MAC addressing, IP addressing and port numbers, and identify where each is used in packet flow.

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Differentiate unicast, multicast and broadcast traffic and predict their scope and forwarding behavior in common Ethernet and IP scenarios.

Explain basic traffic characteristics such as latency, jitter, packet loss and bandwidth as they relate to application experience and packet delivery.

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