Communicable disease, immunity and medicines

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Explain how viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists cause disease and how they are spread, using the named examples on your board’s list (e.g. measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus, salmonella, gonorrhoea, rose black spot, malaria, cholera, tuberculosis)
Describe the body’s non-specific defences and explain how white blood cells respond through phagocytosis, antibody production and antitoxins

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Explain the use of antibiotics and painkillers, how antibiotic resistance arises, and the stages of drug discovery and testing (pre-clinical testing, clinical trials, double-blind trials, placebos)

(Edexcel, OCR) Describe plant defences against pathogens and how plant diseases are detected and identified

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