Preparing, purifying and characterising products

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Plan or describe laboratory preparations of products using appropriate reagents, conditions and apparatus, including reflux, distillation, controlled addition and heating where relevant.
Select and justify methods for isolating products from reaction mixtures, including filtration, separating funnel use, solvent extraction, washing, drying and evaporation.

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Calculate percentage yield and percentage atom economy where relevant to practical synthesis, and interpret low yield in terms of side reactions, incomplete reaction or product loss during transfer and purification.

Use melting point, boiling point and chromatographic or spectroscopic evidence to assess product identity and purity.

Evaluate procedural steps that improve purity, dryness or yield, including the use of anhydrous drying agents, anti-bumping granules, minimal solvent and careful washing.

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